Kidney Failure Symptoms and What Your Body is Telling You

GFR, or glomerular filtration rate, is a crucial marker of kidney health. GFR measures how effectively the kidneys filter waste from the blood. It is typically estimated using equations that consider gender, age, race, and blood creatinine levels. Based on GFR values, kidney disease is categorised into different stages, ranging from mild (Stage 1) to severe (Stage 5).

One of the earliest symptoms of kidney failure is changes in urination patterns. These may include:

As the kidneys struggle to remove excess fluid from the body, fluid retention can occur, leading to noticeable swelling. Common areas affected by swelling include the hands, feet, ankles, and face. Persistent puffiness or swelling not subside with rest or elevation may indicate kidney problems.

Kidney failure can result in a build-up of toxins and waste products in the body, leading to general fatigue and weakness. Feeling constantly tired, even after ample rest, can indicate that your kidneys are not functioning optimally.

Abnormal urine colour and odour can be a symptom of kidney failure. The following changes may occur:

Kidney problems can cause persistent pain in the lower back, often on one side. The pain can be achingly dull or piercingly intense. Not all kidney-related back pain is located in the lower back, as some individuals may experience pain in the upper back or sides.

As waste products accumulate in the body, it can lead to feelings of nausea, frequent vomiting, and a loss of appetite. These symptoms may result from the build-up of toxins affecting the digestive system.

When the kidneys are compromised, the body may experience a shortage of red blood cells, leading to anaemia. Anaemia can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, dizziness, and difficulty concentrating.

Kidney failure can have various causes. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is often associated with diabetes, high blood pressure, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney disease. Acute kidney injury (AKI) can result from severe infections, dehydration, medications, or kidney trauma. Other factors, such as autoimmune disorders, kidney stones, urinary tract obstructions, and genetic factors, can also contribute to kidney dysfunction.

Testing kidney function is crucial for diagnosis and determining the underlying cause. Blood and urine tests play a vital role in assessing kidney function. Blood tests measure creatinine, urea, and electrolyte levels, while urine tests detect protein, blood, and other abnormalities. Imaging techniques like ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI may be used to visualise the kidneys. In certain instances, a kidney biopsy may be needed to obtain tissue samples for analysis.

Staying aware of the signals your body gives when there is an issue with your kidneys can help you take preventive measures. Upon noticing any symptoms related to kidney failure, it is vital to visit a healthcare professional immediately. Adapting one's lifestyle according to medical advice and observing regular monitoring procedures can ensure good kidney health and bolster overall wellness. Taking care of the kidneys today paves the way for sounder physical well-being in the long run.

Dr Alvin Ng is a nephrologist in Singapore with more than 20 years of experience. He specialises in the diagnosis and management of a wide range of kidney conditions and is committed to providing comprehensive, personalised and evidence-based care for patients with kidney disease.

Prior to private practice, Dr Ng served as a consultant nephrologist at Changi General Hospital, where he was Director of the Peritoneal Dialysis Service and a member of the MOH Peritoneal Dialysis Workgroup. He has also held leadership roles within the Singapore Society of Nephrology and has been actively involved in the education of medical students, junior doctors and specialist trainees. His contributions to patient care, medical education and professional service have been recognised through multiple awards.